Home Orthopedics Toward a new world (the world after the First World War). Presentation on the topic "revolutionary movement in Europe and Asia after the First World War" Presentation on the world after World War 1

Orthopedics

Toward a new world (the world after the First World War). Presentation on the topic "revolutionary movement in Europe and Asia after the First World War" Presentation on the world after World War 1

By 1918, the German Empire had finally exhausted its economic, military-technical and human resources. The German army no longer carried out offensive operations, but only held the defense. There were frequent cases when German soldiers surrendered, finally losing faith in victory.

The people of Germany finally lost faith in the German emperor - Wilhelm II, accusing him of complete helplessness, bringing German citizens to ruin and poverty. A revolution began in Germany, which overthrew the monarchy and proclaimed a republic on November 9, 1918. Under these conditions, Germany asked the Entente countries to stop all hostilities and sign an armistice. Wilhelm II fled the country.

War is over November 11, 1918 signing Compiègne truce. It was concluded between the representative of Germany and the commander-in-chief of the Entente army. There were no representatives of Russia at the signing of the peace agreement, since the Russian Empire withdrew from the First World War back in 1917, due to the revolution that had begun in Russia.

The victorious countries demanded from Germany:

Voluntary issuance of their submarines, ground military vehicles and various types of weapons to representatives of the Entente.
An immediate cessation of hostilities on all fronts.
Withdrawal of troops from German-occupied French, Turkish, Belgian, Romanian and Luxembourg territories within half a month.
Creation of a demilitarized zone on the west bank of the Rhine.

The surrender of Germany also provided for the abolition of the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, concluded between the German Empire and Russia on March 3, 1918. Germany was supposed to return all Russian gold, but the Entente countries did not oblige her to withdraw troops from Russian territories.

Memorize new words!

Demilitarization- disarmament, the dissolution of the armed forces, the destruction of military fortifications, the transfer of industry from the production of weapons and military equipment to the production of peacetime goods.

Surrender- complete and unconditional cessation of hostilities and surrender to the mercy of the winner.

Post-war redistribution of the world

After the signing of the armistice, the Entente countries began to prepare the Paris Peace Conference, at which they had to resolve important issues:

To finally determine the fate of the defeated states.
Solve territorial issues, establish new or confirm old borders between states.
Determine the position of the coloniesdefeated Germany.
Set the amount of reparations for the defeated states.
Solve the "Russian question" - the countries of the West were concerned about the growing social movement, the threat of Bolshevism - which, in their opinion, came from the newly formed Soviet Russia.
Create an international organization that would become a guarantor of the prevention of a new world war.

The participants of the Paris conference met at the Palace of Versailles for more than a year, from January 18, 1919 to January 21, 1920. Representatives of the United States of America, Great Britain, France, Japan and Italy participated in the development of solutions. Politicians could not come to a common decision regarding the amount of reparations, the territorial redistribution of the world, the status of colonial possessions. At the same time, representatives of Germany, Austria, Soviet Russia and Hungary were not admitted to the meetings.

After lengthy meetings of US President Woodrow Wilson, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and other representatives of the victorious states, the Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919. Under its terms:

The German colonies were redistributed. The colonial possessions of Germany in Africa were divided between Great Britain, Portugal, Belgium, France. The protectorate over some territories of China was transferred to Japan, over Egypt - to Great Britain. Also, the territories of the German state were reduced by 1/8 in favor of neighboring victorious countries.
For Germany, the strictest restrictions were imposed on the size of the army and various types of weapons. Part of its territory was subjected to temporary occupation by the allied forces of the Entente.
Germany was declared the culprit for the outbreak of hostilities and was charged with compensating for post-war damage in the amount of 269 billion gold marks. She had to give up the territories transferred to her by Russia under the terms of the Brest peace: part of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, the Baltic states, the Caucasus.

In the course of further negotiations, the post-war borders of the states were determined, a new world order in Europe was formalized, which later became known as the Versailles-Washington system.

In addition, the League of Nations was formed - an international organization formed to ensure global security and prevent hostilities. The creation of the League of Nations subsequently prevented and resolved more than 40 conflicts, but the organization was unable to prevent the Second World War.

The collapse of empires and revolution

The most important of the consequences of the First World War were the revolutions that arose in a number of states, as a result of which the world's largest empires collapsed: the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, German and Russian.

The reasons for the revolution in Germany were: the anger of the people against the government of Wilhelm II, the strongest crisis in agriculture and industry, inflation, the naval blockade of England, which destroyed the German economy, the lack of success of the German army at the front at the final stage of the war. In November 1918, the revolution swept through Munich, Hamburg, Bremen and soon reached Berlin, it marked the collapse of the German Empire. On August 11, 1919, a new constitution was adopted in the country, since it was developed on the territory of the city of Weimar - it was called Weimar, and the Weimar Republic was established in Germany.

It is interesting!

Weimar Republic lasted from 1919 to 1933, until the establishment of the regime of the Nazi dictatorship in the German state. During the period of the Weimar Republic, the country overcame the post-war economic crisis, achieved international recognition, and overcame hyperinflation. However, the high post-war reparations, Germany's restrictions on armaments, the economic blockade of the country - led to an increase in extremist sentiments, the crisis of the Weimar Republic and the coming to power of Adolf Hitler.

The defeat in the war also led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which sided with the Triple Alliance. By signing the act of surrender in 1918, the Ottoman Empire lost a number of its territories:

islands of the Aegean;
the territories of modern Syria and Lebanon;
Mesopotamia;
Palestine;
A series of Ottoman territorial conquests in Europe.

In 1920, the Sultanate was abolished, followed by the formation of the Turkish Republic.

During the war years, revolutionary sentiments swept the multinational Austria-Hungary. Internal political contradictions complicated military failures on the fronts, the economic crisis and crop failures in 1918. France and Great Britain were interested in the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, seeking to split the monarchical power hostile to them. So on July 30, 1918, the French government recognized the right of Czechs and Slovaks to self-determination, which further aggravated the situation in Austria-Hungary. The revolution in Austria-Hungary overthrew the monarch - Charles I, led to the proclamation of new republics: Hungary, Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (future Yugoslavia).

The First World War pushed the Russian Empire to disintegration. In late 1916 - early 1917, it was seized by revolutionary sentiments caused by food shortages, the mobilization of workers and peasants, and the inept military command of Nicholas II. Under the influence of the Bolsheviks, the anti-war movement grew in the army and navy, and the slogans “Peace to the peoples”, “Peace to the whole world”, “Land to the peasants, factories to the workers” were increasingly heard in the cities. As a result of the February and October revolutions of 1917 and the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the Russian Empire ceased to exist. Finland, Lithuania and part of Latvia separated from Russia.

Russia became the world's first socialist state, which most European countries saw as a threat. Following the results of the First World War, Soviet Russia was not allowed to the territorial redistribution of the world, for many years it had to be in international isolation.

Economic consequences of World War I

The First World War put an end to the existence of the 4 largest empires in the world and led to the creation of many new states, claimed the lives of 10 million soldiers and 5 million civilians. The destruction of the First World War led to grave consequences for the economy, delayed the economic development of a whole generation of people.

The territories where the battles took place were destroyed, the inhabitants had to rebuild the urban infrastructure, residential buildings, transport arteries. In particular, the lands of France, Russia and Belgium, which accounted for most of the fighting, suffered. The United States suffered the least losses in the First World War, since there were no battles on their territories.

At the end of the war, the states that took part in the war faced the following tasks:

Transfer industry from the production of military equipment and ammunition to the production of essential goods.
To overcome the high level of unemployment that was associated with the return of hundreds of thousands of soldiers from the front.
Restore the pre-war level of agricultural and industrial production.

In addition, after the end of the war, the Entente countries had to pay off their war debts to the United States, which throughout the hostilities supplied weapons, food, vehicles and cash loans to their allies.

The most serious economic consequences of the First World War were felt by Germany, from which all colonial possessions were taken away, industrial regions - Alsace and Lorraine, and made to pay high reparation payments. This time the USA again wished to become a creditor. The states gave the German people money for the restoration of agriculture and industry, the income from which he was obliged to transfer to the Entente countries. And those, in turn, had to repay their war debts to the US.

Dictionary

Reparations - compensation for damage caused by the war, the losing state to the winning country.

Occupation is the forcible occupation by troops of the territory of an enemy country.

Inflation is the depreciation of money.

Hyperinflation is the depreciation of money that occurs at an extremely high rate.

A sultanate is a monarchical state headed by a sultan.

Mobilization - bringing the armed forces to combat readiness.

Ways to create nation states

Providing
independence
Finland (DR)
Baltic countries
(three DRs)
National Liberation
revolution
Czechoslovakia
(DR)
Hungary
(monarchy)
Poland (Rep., author.
mode)
Kingdom of the CXC
(Serbs, Croats,
Slovenes)
sociopolitical
revolution
Germany
(DR)
Austria
(DR)

Formation of the Comintern

communist international
(Comintern, 3rd International) -
international organization,
uniting the communist
parties of various countries in 1919-1943
years.
Founded March 4, 1919
on the initiative of the RCP(b) and its leader
IN AND. Lenin for development and
dissemination of revolutionary ideas
international socialism,
opposition to reformist socialism
Second International, final
the gap with which was caused by the difference
position on World War I
war and the October Revolution in
Russia.

Activities of the Comintern

The Comintern prepared revolutions in different
countries. Such uprisings are usually
not supported by the people
suppressed (Germany, Estonia).
Only in Mongolia in 1921
The revolution won in 1921
support of the Comintern.

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the formation of the Turkish Republic

The army of the Ottoman Empire was defeated, the territory
occupied by the Entente. Part of the border
territories divided among themselves by Great Britain,
France (south), Armenia (east), Greece (west).
Mustafa Kemal
The fight against the invaders was led by General
founder and first
Mustafa Kemal. In 1920 Turkey proclaimed
Republican leader
independence and, with the help of Russia, defeated
people's party
Greek army. In 1923 agreed with the Entente
Turkey
territory of the country. Kemal is elected President.

International relationships

In January 1919 took place in Paris
peace conference of the Entente countries
(except Russia). 27 countries participated
and dominions.
The conference was led
David Lloyd George - British Prime Minister
Georges Clemenceau - Prime Minister
France,
Woodrow Wilson is the President of the United States.
Conference goals:
define post-war
world structure.

Conference objectives:

Legalize the end of World War I
wars, develop and sign peace treaties with
Germany and its allies.
The firm establishment of the borders of new states and
preventing wars between them.
Create a comprehensive international
organization that would stand up for peace in
all over the world.
Develop principles and forms of relationships with
a state with an opposite social order
- Soviet Russia.

Goals of the victorious countries

settlement after the war:

Mediterranean.

"moral leader" of the world.
Preservation of a united Germany.
Partition of the possessions of the Ottoman Empire.

Goals of the victorious countries

Task 2. Determine which countries correspond to the goals of peaceful
settlement after the war:
Division of Germany into several weak states.
Fr.
Return of Alsace and Lorraine.
fr
fr
A.,F
Control over the industrial region of the Rhine.
German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in
Mediterranean.
Building a system of new international relations and the role
The US is the "moral leader" of the world.
Eng.,
USA Preservation of a unified Germany.
A., F Section of the possessions of the Ottoman Empire.
A.,F
.
Seizure of German possessions outside Europe.

Versailles system

Task: 1. Draw up a diagram according to the decisions of Versailles
treaty and the Washington Conference.

The world after World War I Savka Nadezhda Vladimirovna, history teacher of the February secondary school, 2011,

DateFormation of the State June 1917 Proclamation of independent Lithuania December 1917 Formation of independent Finland February 1918 Formation of independent Estonia October 1918 Formation of an independent Polish state Formation of the Republic of Austria Formation of the Hungarian People's Republic Formation of independent Latvia December 1918 .creation of the Kingdom of the CXC (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes) June 1919 creation of the Weimar Republic in Germany

Ways of creating nation-states Granting of independence Finland (DR) Baltic countries (three DRs) Poland (Rep., aut. regime) National liberation revolution Czechoslovakia (DR) Hungary (monarchy) Kingdom of the SHS (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes) Socio-political revolution Germany (DR) Austria (DR)

Formation of the Comintern The Communist International (Comintern, 3rd International) is an international organization that has united the communist parties of various countries over the years. It was founded on March 4, 1919 on the initiative of the RCP(b) and its leader V.I. Lenin for the development and dissemination of the ideas of revolutionary international socialism, as opposed to the reformist socialism of the Second International, the final break with which was caused by the difference in positions regarding the First World War and the October Revolution in Russia.

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the formation of the Republic of Turkey Mustafa Kemal, the founder and first leader of the Republican People's Party of Turkey The army of the Ottoman Empire was defeated, the territory was occupied by the Entente. Part of the border territories were divided among themselves by Great Britain, France (south), Armenia (east), Greece (west). The fight against the invaders was led by General Mustafa Kemal. In 1920 Turkey declared independence and, with the help of Russia, defeated the Greek army. In 1923 agreed with the Entente territory of the country. Kemal is elected President.

International relations In January 1919. A peace conference of the Entente countries (except Russia) was held in Paris. 27 countries and dominions participated. The conference was led by David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, and Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States. Objectives of the conference: to determine the post-war structure of the world.

Conference objectives: Legalize the end of the First World War, develop and sign peace treaties with Germany and its allies. The firm establishment of the borders of new states and the prevention of wars between them. Create a comprehensive international organization that would stand up for world peace. To work out the principles and forms of relations with the state with the opposite social system - Soviet Russia.

The goals of the victorious countries The division of Germany into several weak states. Return of Alsace and Lorraine. Control over the industrial region of the Rhine. German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Mediterranean. Building a system of new international relations and the role of the "moral leader" of the world. Preservation of a united Germany. Partition of the possessions of the Ottoman Empire. Task 2. Determine which countries correspond to the goal of a peaceful settlement after the war: Seizure of German possessions outside Europe.

Golynskaya Anastasia, Pinkhasik Raisa

The work was prepared for presentation at a school conference on the topic "The impact of the First World War on the economy, literature and art."

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Art after the First World War

The crisis of art of the 20th century was a consequence of the First World War of 1914-18, the revolution, the instability of the transitional era. The crisis manifested itself in all spheres of culture: in science, philosophy, ethics, law, but most of all in art, primarily in painting.

Types and Forms of Artistic Culture Most artists of the 20th century moved away from depicting the world as we see it. The world seemed deformed at times beyond recognition, as the artists were guided more by their own imagination, the departure from realism was not an empty whim, the artists wanted to say: the world is not at all the way we see it: it is inherently meaningless and absurd, it is like us we show it in our pictures. In the 20th century, many directions and currents arose that existed side by side, in parallel, often crossed with each other, replaced or canceled each other. Three currents acquired the status of eternal: abstract art, cubism, surrealism (superrealism)

ABSTRACTIONISM

Abstractionism appeared at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, since it was at this time that the fermentation of minds took place. It was necessary to create an unconventional pictorial language that would be full of deep meaning. However, one who contemplated the works of this art should have been able to think in abstractions. Otherwise, what was depicted seemed to be just a set of some elements and nothing more.

The term "abstractionism" is based on the word "abstractio", which means removal, distraction.

The founders of abstract art are Russian artists Wassily Kandinsky and Kazimir Malevich. Wassily Kandinsky Kazimir Malevich

Abstractionism of Kandinsky Vasily Vasilyevich Kandinsky (1866 - 1944) is considered to be the founder of abstractionism in fine arts. Kandinsky came to painting after graduating from the law faculty of Moscow University, when he was already 30 years old. Later he leaves for Germany to study the basics of painting. In 1911, he created the Blue Rider association, where he proclaims a departure from nature, nature to the essence of phenomena and objects.

First paintings

Lady in Moscow

V. Kandinsky. Little dream in red

V. Kandinsky Twilight

V. Kandinsky The last watercolor

Multiple circles

The last period of creativity: Triangle, square, circle

Malevich's Suprematism The formation of Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (1878 - 1935) in the art of painting was bright and impetuous. He tirelessly studied and tested the traditions of the old masters, searched for and honed new possibilities of painting. In a short time, he went from impressionism to neo-primitivism.

The first paintings by Malevich were executed in a bright impressionistic manner. Rye cleaning.

Malevich's famous masterpiece is considered to be the famous "Black Square", which reflects the artist's principled view of Suprematist art. The creation of this painting marked the beginning of the so-called "black" stage in the development of pictorial Suprematism. In addition to the black square, the geometric figures of the cross and circle belonged to it.

Red Square The stage of the "black square" replaced the so-called "color" period of Suprematism. It began with the "Red Square".

K.Malevich. Suprematist composition Created a current of "Suprematism" ("super" - the highest). In his paintings, he used the expressive means of architecture, music, the art industry, created structures from volumes, lines, geometric shapes.

New trends in abstract art Rayonism Neoplasticism Orphism Suprematism Abstract expressionism Geometric abstraction

The direction in painting of the Russian avant-garde in art, based on the shift of light spectra and light transmission. One of the early trends of abstractionism. He was also based on the idea of the emergence of spaces, forms from “the intersection of the reflected rays of various objects”, since a person actually perceives not the object itself, but “the sum of the rays coming from the light source, reflected from the object and falling into our field of vision”. The rays on the canvas are transmitted using colored lines.

The founder and theorist of the movement was the artist Mikhail Larionov. Mikhail Le-Dantyu and other artists of the Donkey's Tail group worked in Rayonism. Rayonism received special development in the work of S. M. Romanovich.

neoplasticism

Introduced by Piet Mondrian, the designation of the direction of abstract art, which existed in 1917-1928. in Holland and united artists grouped around the magazine "De Stijl" ("Style"). The "Style" is characterized by clear rectangular shapes in architecture and abstract painting in the layout of large rectangular planes, painted in the primary colors of the spectrum.

Direction in painting in the 1910s, formed by R. Delaunay, F. Kupka, F. Picabia, M. Duchamp. Artists-orphists sought to express the dynamics of movement and the musicality of rhythms with the help of "regularities" of the interpenetration of the primary colors of the spectrum and the intersection of curvilinear surfaces.

Orphism influenced Russian painting in 1913-1914 through direct contacts between Russians and Robert Delaunay himself. His influence can be seen in the works of Aristarkh Lentulov. Orphism also influenced some of the works of Alexandra Exter, Georgy Yakulov and Alexander Bogomazov.

Suprematism

A trend in avant-garde art founded by K. S. Malevich. Being a kind of abstract art, Suprematism was expressed in combinations of multi-colored planes of the simplest geometric outlines (in the geometric forms of a straight line, square, circle and rectangle). The combination of multi-colored and different-sized geometric figures forms balanced asymmetric Suprematist compositions permeated with internal movement.

abstract expressionism

A school (movement) of artists who paint quickly and on large canvases, using non-geometric strokes, large brushes, sometimes dripping paint onto the canvas, for the fullest expression of emotions. The expressive method of painting here is often as important as the painting itself. The goal of the artist with such a creative method is the spontaneous expression of the inner world (subconscious) in chaotic forms, not organized by logical thinking.

geometric abstraction

A form of abstract art based on the use of geometric shapes, sometimes, though not always, arranged in a non-illusory space and combined into non-objective, abstract compositions. The basis of abstract compositions is the creation of an artistic space by combining various geometric shapes, colored planes, straight and broken lines.

Abstractionism is built on a figurative understanding of painting or sculpture. However, if we analyze the work of artists and sculptors who worked in this direction, we can see the clarity of lines and shapes. Therefore, at the word "abstractionism" we should not expect to see something vague and incomprehensible.

Conclusion If painting is not so much a demonstration of skill as a way of self-expression, then abstract art must be recognized as the most advanced stage of fine art. Abstract composition is the last level at which painting is still painting. Next is decay.